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2000FUN論壇 綜合論壇 UFO及超自然力量 希臘古跡 Parthenon 巴特農神殿 (附圖)
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[神話傳說] 希臘古跡 Parthenon 巴特農神殿 (附圖)

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The Parthenon (巴特農神殿)

Historical Setting (歷史背景)

When work began on the Parthenon in 447 BC, the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. Work on the temple continued until 432; the Parthenon, then, represents the tangible and visible efflorescence of Athenian imperial power, unencumbered by the depradations of the Peloponnesian War. Likewise, it symbolizes the power and influence of the Athenian politician, Perikles, who championed its construction.

當巴特農神殿(公元前447 - 432)的建造於西元前447開工時,雅典帝國的政權正處於高峰。神殿的建築工程一直持續到西元前432年為止;於是,巴特農神殿具體地表現出了有形、可見的雅典政權開花般的榮景,並毫不受柏羅奔尼薩戰爭所帶來的破壞而遮掩妨礙。同樣地,它象徵了擁護此建築的雅典政治家-Perikles的權力與影響力。

Some historians believe that Athens concluded a peace treaty with Persia in449, two years before work began on the Parthenon. The significance of this would be that the Delian League/Athenian Empire continued to exist, even after the reason for its existence (a mutual defense league against the Persians) had ceased to be valid. In other words it was now openly acknowledged that Athens was not just the head of the Greek defense league but actually an imperial master over other Greek states. The decision by the Athenians in 454 BC to move the League treasury from the Panhellenic sanctuary at Delos to the Athenian acropolis points in the same direction. Because the Parthenon was built with League funds, the building may be read as an expression of the confidence of the Athenians in this newly naked imperialism. But the piety of this undertaking should not be underestimated; the Persians had sacked the temples on the Athenian acropolis in 480, and rebuilding them fulfilled, in Bury's words, the Athenians' "debt of gratitude to heaven for the defeat of the Mede."

一些史學家認為雅典於西元前449年與波斯訂下了一個和平協定,此時恰於巴特農神廟開始建造的前兩年。此協定的重要內容為德利聯盟和雅典帝國繼續共存,甚至到它存在的理由(共同抵禦波斯的聯盟)不再有效之後。換句話說,此協定現在公開認為雅典不只是希臘保衛聯盟的龍頭,同時也是全希臘國家之上的帝國領袖。雅典的人們於西元前454 年將聯盟國庫從德洛斯的大希臘聖殿移到雅典衛城,這也指出了同樣的傾向。因為巴特農神廟是以聯盟資金所建造,故此建築也許可被解讀為雅典人赤裸裸的帝國主義之自信表現。但是對於這個許諾的虔誠不應該被低估;波斯人在西元前480 劫掠了雅典衛城的許多神殿,並且依其期望來重建,於埋葬詞中敘述其為雅典人「擊敗米帝人而未好好感激上蒼所積欠的債」。

Architectural Features (建築特色)

The Parthenon is a Doric peripteral temple, which means that it consists of a rectangular floor plan with a series of low steps on every side, and a colonnade (8 x 17) of Doric columns extending around the periphery of the entire structure. Each entrance has an additional six columns in front of it. The larger of the two interior rooms, the naos, housed the cult statue. The smaller room (the opisthodomos) wasused as a treasury.

巴特農神廟是多利克圍柱式神殿,這是指它由每邊都有一個連續短梯的矩形地板所構成,且多利克圓柱擴展圍繞著整體構造的圓周以形成其柱列(8 x 17。每個入口的前面皆附加六個圓柱。較大的兩間內室,即正殿,供所崇拜的神像居住。較小的房間(內殿)則被作為金庫。

It was built to replace two earlier temples of Athena on the Acropolis. One of these, of which almost no trace remains today, stood south of the Parthenon (between the Parthenon and the Erechtheum). The other, which was still being built at the time of the Persian sack in 480, was on the same spot as the Parthenon. We know the names of the architects (Iktinos and Kallikrates) and also of the sculptor (Pheidias) who made the massive chryselephantine cult statue of the goddess.

巴特農神殿被建造的目的是為了取代兩個雅典衛城的早期神殿。其中一座位於巴特農神廟的南方(於巴特農神殿和Erechtheum之間),但現在已幾乎沒有任何殘留的遺跡了。另一座則與巴特農神殿位於同一點,當波斯人於西元前480年入侵時,此神殿仍在建造當中。我們知道建造此神殿的建築師(Iktinos and Kallikrates)及雕刻家(Pheidias)的名字,這名雕刻家用了金子和象牙作出了魁偉的女神塑像。

The Orders (柱式)

The three main types of columns used in Greek temples and other public buildings are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The truest and most basic difference among the orders has to do with proportions (Doric columns, for example, being thicker and shorter, Ionic columns taller and slimmer). As a shortcut, the orders may be distinguished most easily by their capitals (the tops of the columns). As you can see from the following examples, the Doric capital has the simplest design; the Ionic has the curlicues called volutes, and the Corinthian has the acanthus leaves:

希臘神殿及其它公眾建築使用的圓柱分別為多利斯(Doric)、愛奧尼亞(Ionic)、哥林斯(Corinthian)這三種。而這三種柱式最確切、基本的差異在於必須依據比例與平衡性來建造(如:多利斯圓柱較粗短,愛奧尼亞圓柱柱較高細)。有一條能夠輕易辨識這三種柱式差異的捷徑,即由其圓柱頂端(capitals)來分辨。你可以看看以下例子:多利斯圓柱頂端設計最為簡潔;愛奧尼亞圓柱頂端則有旋渦花樣(volutes);而哥林斯圓柱頂端具茛苕葉形的裝飾。

Doric is not only a type of column, but an "order"; this means that temples of the Doric order not only have this type of column, but also have a certain structure at the upper levels. The different types of orders (column plus entablature) are illustrated by these diagrams, from Perseus: Doric order, and Ionic order. The Doric order is characterized by the series of triglyphs and metopes on the entablature. Each metope was occupied by a panel of relief sculpture.

多利斯(Doric)不只是一種圓柱的類型,同時是一種柱式,這指的是以多利斯柱式來建造的神廟不只具此種圓柱,尚有某些確切且高於一定水平的結構。不同種的柱式(圓柱加上其頂端)可以這些圖加以闡明:來自柏修斯的--多利斯柱式和愛奧尼亞柱式。多利斯柱式的特徵為其柱頂具一連串的三豎線花紋裝飾及排檔間飾。每一個排檔間飾皆被使用於浮雕雕塑的嵌板。

The Parthenon combines elements of the Doric and Ionic orders. Basically a Doric peripteral temple, it features a continuous sculpted frieze borrowed from the Ionic order, as well as four Ionic columns supporting the roof of the opisthodomos.

巴特農神廟結合了多利斯以及愛奧尼亞柱式這兩種元素,在根本上為多利斯圍柱式的神殿,卻也借用愛奧尼亞柱式而形成連續的柱中楣雕刻,同樣地,又以四個愛奧尼亞式圓柱支撐內殿屋頂。


取材網址
http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon.html

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十週年勳章(賀詞) 十週年勳章(截圖)

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上歷史堂果時教過.....
真係好想去睇下.....

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個人點都認為古希臘既人民質素仲高過現代
因為他們絕少戰爭,愛好和平
同埋有好多好多數學家,哲學家出生
現代政治架構的搖籃
偉大建築

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原帖由 marco1722 於 2006-6-24 09:48 AM 發表
個人點都認為古希臘既人民質素仲高過現代
因為他們絕少戰爭,愛好和平
同埋有好多好多數學家,哲學家出生
現代政治架構的搖籃
偉大建築

絕少戰爭,愛好和平?
唔該你睇下歷史,古希臘人在地中海建立唔少殖民地城市,難道這些殖民地不是靠流血得來?
而且古希臘內部并唔統一,各個大型的城邦都互相對打.

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想去古老神秘的地方

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有機會都想去睇下

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多謝樓主既分享

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簽名被屏蔽

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上歷史堂果時教過.....
真係好想去睇下.....

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係幾想去睇下既..

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